People have used color to render the word tourism for a long time, such as red tourism that pays homage to martyrs and received patriotic education, and green tourism that respects nature and returns to nature. Today, people's travel destinations are not only limited to those ancient historical and cultural relics and beautiful natural landscapes, they have gone to the Auschwitz concentration camp, the road where Princess Diana suffered a car accident in France and the 9.11 terrorist attack. Visit the event site and other places. As a result, the concept of black tourism has gradually emerged. With the increasing number of tourists visiting the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake site, black tourism has quietly entered the Chinese people's field of vision.
Returning to the black scene: black tourism from the perspective of academia The academic circle has been debating the definition
of black tourism.
Scottish academics Malcolm Foley and John Lennon were early experts in the field. They believe that the essence of black tourism is to visit tragic sites, including visits to historical battlefields and execution sites. Subsequent expert Sidon proposed that black tourism is a "contemplation of death" tour for people to visit the place of death in order to commemorate the deceased. These different definitions all indicate that black tourism is a tourist behavior of visiting the places where suffering or death occurs, and these suffering or death originate from man-made black events or natural disaster events. Under this definition, the form of black tourism includes battlefield sites, massacre sites, disaster sites, cemetery tourism, etc., and extends to artificially simulated death experiences and crime scenes, terrorist incidents, illegal crimes, etc. endangering the survival and development of the public. Black event tourism.
Precious Black Resources: Looking at the Existential Value of Black Tourism
Maslow of Needs believes that the ultimate purpose of people's various learning and inquiry includes obtaining survival security. And black tourism can lead people to explore the causes of black events, trace the course of events, understand the hazards of events and master methods and measures to avoid black events through specific methods (such as tsunami scene simulation experience), which greatly meets people's safety needs.
The destination of black tourism is the place where suffering or death occurs, where different black tourism themes expose tourists to strong emotions such as sadness, terror, thrill, pity, responsibility and justice, resulting in a strong emotional experience. A survey of the visitors to the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall found that after the tourists visited the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, strong emotions such as sadness, resentment, hope for peace, hard work and patriotism emerged spontaneously, which made their desire to strengthen their country more urgent. While special emotions are released, personal values are also constructed in profound education.
Today, when human beings pay more attention to the living environment, black tourism presents the problem of natural disasters to tourists in an appropriate way, so that they can raise their awareness of environmental protection. For example, tourism at the Hurricane Katrina site makes tourists better aware of the importance of wetland protection for urban flood control.
Reverence and Blasphemy: The Public's Motivation for Black Tourism
At Holocaust memorials, earthquake and tsunami sites, and horrific sites, it is common to find people standing with heavy hearts. These people include relatives and friends of the deceased, devout worshippers of the deceased and people who have the highest respect for the country and the nation. Grief, admiration, sympathy and remembrance constitute the themes of their black journey.
However, there are strong curiosity about unusual things and the pursuit of negative emotions in people's nature, which are also the purpose of their black tourism. By studying the motivations of tourists in Phuket after a disaster, scholar Rich White found that they showed a strong curiosity about how natural disasters changed nature. The post-9/11 "Zero Zone" has now become one of the most photographed spots in New York City. After investigating the motives of tourists, the researchers found that tourists have a tendency to actively shoot to reflect the ugly side of human nature (including death, violence, indifference, etc.). British scholar Mike Pilkaz cites the "hot cognition" of social cognition research to explain such behavior, he believes that in order to enrich the acquired emotional experience, people must sometimes acquire some negative emotions (shock, sympathy and guilt, etc.) experience. In addition, obtaining personal emotional satisfaction during negative events is also essential.
Therefore, when faced with pain and cruelty, most people inevitably mixed with grief, depression and curiosity, satisfaction and pride. For the most part, these are cryptic. However, when some emotions contrary to morality and ethics, such as schadenfreude, etc., are clearly expressed (such as shouting, excited photos, ridicule, etc.), the "black tourism" that was originally a journey of awe undoubtedly turned into a journey of blasphemy. This thorny problem, only the "gatekeepers" of black tourism - developers and operators can really solve it.
The contradiction between culture and business: the development and management of black
tourism The essence of tourism is leisure, and black tourism must interweave leisure and entertainment with tragic events, which inevitably leads to conflicts on the ethical level. In addition, the excessive commercialization and development of black tourism resources will also conflict with the development of local culture. Developers and operators sometimes deliberately distort real black events for commercial propaganda, entertainment and other political purposes, and neglect their important roles as "gatekeepers" of history and culture.
When black tourism is not properly planned, it will lead to the "peak gathering phenomenon", that is, the influx of large-scale passenger flow. This can easily lead to the psychological resistance of the parties, related parties and the community where the tourist destination is located, so black tourism developers should pay attention to the construction of moral and ethical mechanisms. It includes psychological guidance to residents of tourist destinations, as well as norms and guidance for tourists' moral behavior. In the whole process of black tourism disaster tourism development, the residents of disaster areas who are familiar with the characteristics of local culture and natural resources should also participate in tourism development and management, so that they can obtain benefits and alleviate the losses caused by disasters.
To a certain extent, black tourism resources belong to the category of cultural heritage. In China, the phenomenon of multi-level management of cultural heritage is serious, and many stakeholders such as government departments, cultural departments, and enterprise units have "proposals" without core decision-makers. to seek their own development. Therefore, we must insist on the government-led development of black tourism. Because the government can effectively strengthen the construction of black tourism infrastructure, and can guide the media to shape the image of the tourist destination. In addition, it can improve the communication and feedback mechanism and benefit distribution mechanism among various stakeholders, balance the roles of the government and the market in the development and operation of black tourism, so as to seek the sustainable development of black tourism.
As the birthplace of black tourism, Europe, America and Southeast Asia have established an effective development model and a complete profit model: four months after the hurricane hit New Orleans, a local travel agency launched the "Carter" with the support of the government. Rina Disaster Tour". In memory of the victims, of the $35 tour fee paid by each tourist, $3 was directly used for relief in the disaster area. In order to revive Phuket's tourism industry, the Thai government has joined hands with major airlines to launch preferential strategies to attract large numbers of people to visit the scenic spots that were hit hard by the Indian Ocean tsunami. At present, my country has also absorbed a lot of similar foreign experience to protect and develop the cultural tourism resources of the Qiang people after the Wenchuan earthquake.
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